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Last Names Matching "WANCLIK"

 


Alphabetical List of Last Names
 > Last Names Beginning with W > Last Names Matching "WANCLIK"

 


4 user(s) found. 

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User ID

Pedigree

Last Name

Ancestor

Origin

Haplogroup

Tested With

7UMMG

 

WANCLIK

WANCLIK 

MALEC, Poland 

Unknown 

Genographic Project 

8EKSA

 

WANCLIK

WANCLIK 

MALEC OSIEK, Poland 

Unknown 

Family Tree DNA 

95GUC

 

wanclik

wanclik 

malec, Poland 

Unknown 

Genographic Project 

EE5GP

 

wanclik

WANCLIK 

MALEC, Poland 

Unknown 

Genographic Project 


Alphabetical List of Last Names > Last Names Beginning with W > Last Names Matching "WANCLIK"

 

 

 

 

R1a1a7b/L260-DNA  H2a2b1--Saint-Luc mtdna  Presse Internationale Google translator

DYS393:13

DYS390:25

DYS19:16

DYS391:10

DYS385a:11

DYS385b:14

DYS426:12

DYS388:12

DYS439:11

DYS389-1:13

DYS392:11

DYS389-2:29

 

 

 

DYS458:17

DYS459a:9

DYS459b:9

DYS455:11

DYS454:11

DYS447:23

DYS437:14

DYS448:20

DYS449:33

DYS464a:12

DYS464b:12

DYS464c:15

DYS464d:15

DYS464e:16

DYS464f:16

DYS460:11

DYS GATAH4:11

DYS YCA II a:19

DYS YCA II b:23

DYS456:17

DYS607:16

DYS576:18

DYS570:19

DYS CDY a:34

DYS CDY b:35

DYS442:14

DYS438:11

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LINKS:  Main Page   Y-DNA Tree Trunk   SNP Index   Papers/Presentations Cited   Glossary   Listing Criteria

CLADE/SUBCLADE SYMBOLS:  Added  Redefined 

SNP SYMBOLS:  Not on 2011 tree  Confirmed within subclade  Provisional  Private  Investigation 

R   M207/Page37/UTY2, P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S9
•    R*   -
•    R1   M173/P241/Page29, M306/S1, P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238, P242, P245, P286, P294
•   •    R1*   -
•   •    R1a   L62/M513, L63/M511, L145/M449, L146/M420
•   •    •    R1a*   -
•   •    •    R1a1   L120/M516, L122/M448, M459, Page65.2/SRY1532.2/SRY10831.2
•   •    •   •    R1a1*   -
•   •    •   •    R1a1a   L168, L449, M17, M198, M512, M514, M515
•   •    •   •    •    R1a1a*   -
•   •    •   •    •    R1a1a1   M417, Page7
•   •    •   •    •   •    R1a1a1*   -
•   •    •   •    •   •    R1a1a1a   L664/S298
•   •    •   •    •   •    R1a1a1b   S224/Z645, S441/Z647
•   •    •   •    •   •    •    R1a1a1b*   -
•   •    •   •    •   •    •    R1a1a1b1   S339/Z283
•   •    •   •    •   •    •   •    R1a1a1b1*   -
•   •    •   •    •   •    •   •    R1a1a1b1a   S198/Z282
•   •    •   •    •   •    •   •    •    R1a1a1b1a*   -
•   •    •   •    •   •    •   •    •    R1a1a1b1a1   M458
•   •    •   •    •   •    •   •    •   •    R1a1a1b1a1*   -
•   •    •   •    •   •    •   •    •   •    R1a1a1b1a1a   L260/S222

 

ISOGG Wiki - What you need to know about Genetic Genealogy.
Y-Haplogroup R* DNA Project, Vincent Vizacherro.
R-Arabia Y-DNA Project.
R1* Haplogroup Project, Vincent Vizacherro.
Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a - FTDNA vs. ISOGG Haplotrees, Diana Gale Matthiesen.
R1a International Y-DNA Project.
R1a1a and Subclades Y-DNA Project, Lukasz Lapinski, Lawrence Mayka, Marius Wilkoszewski, A. J. Levin, Anne M. Berge, Michal Milewski.
R1a WTY Project, Cyndi Rutledge.

 

Link to Haplogroup R Private SNPs, Notes and References (Papers)

Y-DNA haplogroup R-M207 is believed to have arisen approximately 27,000 years ago in Asia. The two currently defined subclades are R1 and R2.

  • Haplogroup R1-M173 is estimated to have arisen during the height of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), about 18,500 years ago, most likely in southwestern Asia. The two most common descendant clades of haplogroup R1 are R1a and R1b.
    • R1a-M420 is believed to have arisen on the Eurasian Steppe or the Indus Valley, and today is most frequently observed in eastern Europe and in western and central Asia. Haplogroup R1a1a1g-M458 is found at frequencies approaching or exceeding 30% in Eastern Europe. Contact people for Haplogroup R:
      R1a Contact: 
      Lawrence Mayka

 

 

Welcome to Y-chromosomal Haplogroup R1a1a. This widespread haplogroup covers central/eastern Europe, central Asia and south Asia (India). Smaller populations can aslo be found in Scandanavia, the UK and southern Europe.

Members: 18
Latest Activity: Feb 19

This haplogroup is quite controversial today with opposing views on it's origin(s). One side sees it as Central Asia and another sees it as India. There is quite the debate in the scientific community. There are also few subclades of this group, which is a stark contrast to many in R1b.

R1a1 (now R1a1a) is supposedly the haplogroup that domesticated the horse and spread the Indo-European languages. This may be contested as new subclades and ancient DNA information is being revealed.

I myself have ancestry from Poland (a stronghold of R1a's) but my closest match on Ysearch.org at 67 markers is from India with a Genetic Distance (GD) of 14. Despite the distant timeframe for Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA), I contacted this person and found out that he was confused about having his closest match from Poland. Since then and we have become great friends - very very distant cousins - that both live in the US.

I originally didn't think too much about a distant connection to India, until I was in a Polish deli and as I started speaking Polish to the clerk, when a lady nearby looked at me and told the clerk that I didn't LOOK Polish. I told her that I was indeed Polish. Or was I? My genealogical research has only gotten me back to my great grand father in Poland, but I don't know much about him but his name.

My lower resolution 12 marker matches are all over Europe -England, Germany, Poland, Greece, Italy, Denmark, Norway and France and there may be what could be a remnant migration route. But what about India? The highest percentages of matches or near matches at low resolution are from Pakistan, Tajikistan and India. But low resolution may be well outside of a genealogical timeframe and maybe just hints at the past (See map image above).

I invite anyone to provide comments and especially wish to hear from other R1a1's. My journey so far into genetic genealogy takes up a good portion of my spare time as a biologist, but has made me feel more confident, outgoing and outreaching than ever before. I've enjoyed the GG presentations I've given at conferences and hope that more people will test to discover their ancient past and potential lost relatives.

Robert Sliwinski

Administrators

·         Łukasz Łapiński l-lapinski@wp.pl , Group Administrator

·         Michał Milewski milewski@imid.med.pl , Group Administrator

·         igorrozhanskii@gmail.com , Group Co-Administrator

·         mariusz.wilkoszewski@gmail.com , Group Co-Administrator

·         anparasar@gmail.com , Group Co-Administrator

·         mvoorwinden@yahoo.com , Group Co-Administrator

·         A.J. Levin aj_levin@yahoo.com , Group Co-Administrator

·         Andrew McEachern andrewmceachern@ymail.com , Group Co-Administrator

·         Anne M. Berge norwaygenes@yahoo.com , Group Co-Administrator

·         Lawrence Mayka lgmayka@ieee.org , Group Co-Administrator

·         SAUD ABDUL AZIZ SAUDBUSINESS@YAHOO.COM , Group Co-Administrator

·         Vladimir Tagankin SemarglV@gmail.com , Group Co-Administrator

 

 

R1a1a conquers the world…in a few pulses?

By Razib Khan | October 31, 2012 2:52 am

As many of you know around the year 2000 the analyses of Y chromosomal human lineages became a pretty big deal. The reason these lineages are important and useful is that they record the uninterrupted ancestry of males, from father to son, along the Y chromosome. Instead of the complexities of the whole genome, as with mtDNA you have a simple and elegant phylogenetic tree to interpret. The clusters along this tree are defined as broad haplogroups, united by derived states from a common ancestor. One of the largest haplogroups is R1a1a. It happens to be my paternal lineage, as well as Dr. Daniel MacArthur’s and Dr. Zack Ajmal’s.

The map above illustrates the peculiarity of R1a1a: it is geographically enormously expansive. How to explain this distribution? A naive response might be that this distribution is surprising similar to that of the Indo-European languages. Unfortunately this runs up against the conundrum that low caste South Indian groups, relatively untouched by Indo-Aryan culture (at least until the past few hundred years), also manifest high frequencies of R1a1a.

To make a long story short it seems that R1a1a is an old haplogroup with a lot of structure across Eurasia. Maju points me to a paper in American Journal of Physical Anthropology which simply & elegantly brings home to us some obvious insights, New Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1:

Haplogroup R1a1-M198 is a major clade of Y chromosomal haplogroups which is distributed all across Eurasia. To this date, many efforts have been made to identify large SNP-based subgroups and migration patterns of this haplogroup. The origin and spread of R1a1 chromosomes in Eurasia has, however, remained unknown due to the lack of downstream SNPs within the R1a1 haplogroup. Since the discovery of R1a1-M458, this is the first scientific attempt to divide haplogroup R1a1-M198 into multiple SNP-based sub-haplogroups.We have genotyped 217 R1a1-M198 samples from seven different population groups at M458, as well as the Z280 and Z93 SNPs recently identified from the “1000 Genomes Project”.

The two additional binary markers present an effective tool because now more than 98% of the samples analyzed assign to one of the three sub-haplogroups. R1a1-M458 and R1a1-Z280 were typical for the Hungarian population groups, whereas R1a1-Z93 was typical for Malaysian Indians and the Hungarian Roma. Inner and Central Asia is an overlap zone for the R1a1-Z280 and R1a1-Z93 lineages. This pattern implies that an early differentiation zone of R1a1-M198 conceivably occurred somewhere within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region as they lie between South Asia and Eastern Europe. The detection of the Z93 paternal genetic imprint in the Hungarian Roma gene pool is consistent with South Asian ancestry and amends the view that H1a-M82 is their only discernible paternal lineage of Indian heritage.

The table to the left shows you an Indian population from Malaysia. Malaysian Indians tend to be Tamils, from the south of the subcontinent. If they were finding individuals who were carriers of R1a1a, the data set is probably somewhat enriched for Tamil Brahmins and people of North Indian ancestry, though this does not alter the basic story. What you see is that all the Indians carry this one distinctive mutation. I find it unlikely that all these Malaysian Indians are Brahmins or North Indians, especially given that there is a non-trivial proportion of R1a1a in Tamil lower castes. So here you have a population with is probably representative of Indian Y chromosomal phylogeography before the Indo-Aryans arrived. Second, you see that M458 is well represented among Hungarians. This makes sense, insofar as this is a very common variant in Eastern Europe. Z280 also seems to be found in northern Eurasia. An interesting aspect is that in the Uzbek sample z93 has a high frequency. The Uzbeks are an admixed population. A Turkic component overlain atop an Iranian substrate. The frequency of Z93 suggests to me that the Eastern Iranians share common ancestry with South Asians. This is not a revolutionary finding, but it does imply that Z93 may have come, in part, with the Indo-Aryans (i.e., there were two or more waves of Z93).

The authors note that Z458 and Z93 carrying individuals exhibit “star like” phylogenies when STRs were analyzed. They are the top two panels.The Genghis Khan haplotypeexhibits a star like phylogeny. In other words, it’s indicative of rapid expansion from a small founder group. In contrast, they argue that Z280 carrying Y chromosomes do not exhibit a star like phylogeny. The implication being that it did not undergo the same expansion. Dates of expansion (looking at the most recent common ancestor) for Z458 and Z93 are pegged to 7 and 10 thousand years before the present. I don’t put much stock in these dates personally, but I thought I’d relay them.

What can we say from this? If these results hold what they tell us is that R1a1a is a very lucky haplogroup, and its current range is a function of multiple expansions from a common and diverse R1a1a pool, probably in Central Eurasia. The presence of Z93 in Uzbeks, and Mongols, suggests to me that this variant was and is present in Iranians. Therefore, I don’t think that Z93 is indigenous to South Asia, but is intrusive. I believe it arrived with the “Ancestral North Indians.”

 

 


Please ask our expert advice before ordering any SNP tests, including the Deep Clade test. We can then give appropriate recommendations in private email.

The R1a1a and Subclades administrators team:

* Łukasz Lubicz Łapiński (Poland)
Founder and main administrator of the project. Ph.D in Polish history.
Specialisation: Polish Genealogy and Heraldry
Administrator of Masovian Nobility Project, Nobility of Grand Duchy of Lithuania Y-DNA & mtDNA Project, Lubicz Clan Y-DNA Project
Admin of M458 section, Central European subclades. 

* Larry Mayka (United States)
Experienced genetic genealogist, responsible for the R1a section at ISOGG. Admin of POLISH FTDNA Project
Consultant for all clades, classification system.

* A.J. Levin (Canada)
Moderator at DNA-Forum, Genetic Genealogy Community Forum. 
Admin of Z93 section, Asian subclades

* Anshumat Parasar (United States)
Admin of Z93 section, Asian subclades 

* Michał Milewski (Poland)
Researcher in the field of medical genetics and cell biology. Ph.D. in Medical Biology.
Admin of Z280 section, Eurasian subclades.

* Anne M Berge (Norway)
Admin of NORWAY Project
Admin of Z284 section, Scandinavian subclades.
Nordic secretary for the project: write in Norsk, Svenska, Dansk, Deutsch as well as English. 

* Andrew McEachern (Australia)
Manager Data Centres Facilities and Networks
Co authored Scotland's R1a1 Highland Clansmen, DNA genealogy and the search for Somerled (with Anatole Klyosov)
Administrator of McEachern Y-DNA Project
Admin of Z284 section, British and Scotish subclades.

* Mariusz Wilkoszewski (Poland)
Creating our website and the informative maps, charts and updates. 
 
Information about R1a1a on our webpage
Make sure you check in here and look for:
* News section with updates on new discoveries
* Results section with maps and descriptions of the subclades (under construction)
* Members' results sections of STR-values sorted into subclades and the list of SNPs each member has actually tested.
 

Communication with other members:

If you are on Facebook, please like our official page.

Resources:
* ISOGG's Y-tree has a detailed overview of known SNPs to define subclades. 
* R1a.org - by Paul Shvarov
* Wikipedia's page on R1a
* Polish Clades by Peter Gwozdz
* The Nordic R1a-project an informal Google group in Norwegian 

Research and Scientific Papers: 
* Karafet et al. 2008. "New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree." Genome Research 18 (5): 830 
* Behar et al. 2003. "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries." American Journal of Human Genetics. 
* Dupuy et al. 2005. "Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway." Forensic Science International.  
* Kayser et al. 2005. "Significant genetic differentiation between Poland and Germany follows present-day political borders, as revealed by Y-chromosome analysis."Human Genetics., 117   
* Sengupta et al. 2006. "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists." American Journal of Human Genetics.  
* Karlsson et al. 2006. "Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective." European Journal of Human Genetics.  
* Lappalainen et al. 2008. "Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region." Annals of Human Genetics.  
* Balanovsky et al. 2008. "Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context." American Journal of Human Genetics.
* Sharma et al. 2008. "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system." Journal of Human Genetics.
* Gwozdz 2009. "Y-STR Mountains in Haplospace, Part II: Application to Common Polish Clades." Journal of Genetic Genealogy.
* Klyosov 2009. "DNA Genealogy, Mutation Rates, and Some Historical Evidence Written in Y-Chromosome, Part II: Walking the Map." Journal of Genetic Genealogy.
* Underhill et al. 2009. "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a." European Journal of Human Genetics.
* Woźniak et al. 2010. "Similarities and Distinctions in Y Chromosome Gene Pool of Western Slavs." American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
* Primorac et al. 2011. "Croatian genetic heritage: Y-chromosome story." Croatian Medical Journal.
* Haber et al. 2012. "Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events." Public Library of Science.
* Grugni et al. 2012. "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians." Public Library of Science.

Ancient Haplogroup R1a: 
* Schilz 2006; Schweitzer 2008. "Lichtenstein Cave Data Analysis." 
* Haak et al. 2008. "Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age."
 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
* Keyser et al. 2009. "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people." Human Genetics.
* Li et al. 2010. "Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age." BMC Biology.
* Kim et al. 2010. "A Western Eurasian Male Is Found in 2000-Year-Old Elite Xiongnu Cemetery in Northeast Mongolia." American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
* Freder 2010. "Die mittelalterlichen Skelette von Usedom." 
Finally some improved knowledge of haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup R1a, most of which is R1a1, dominant in Northern South Asia and Eastern Europe, as well as in much of Central Asia, has been giving headaches to population geneticists, academic and amateur alike, because key markers were not identified, making most of the haplogroup look like an amorphous goo, the same in India as in Europe. It seems that this may change now:

Horolma Pamjav et al., Brief communication: New Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1. AJPA 2012. Pay per view ··> LINK [10.1002/ajpa.22167]

Abstract

Haplogroup R1a1-M198 is a major clade of Y chromosomal haplogroups which is distributed all across Eurasia. To this date, many efforts have been made to identify large SNP-based subgroups and migration patterns of this haplogroup. The origin and spread of R1a1 chromosomes in Eurasia has, however, remained unknown due to the lack of downstream SNPs within the R1a1 haplogroup. Since the discovery of R1a1-M458, this is the first scientific attempt to divide haplogroup R1a1-M198 into multiple SNP-based sub-haplogroups. We have genotyped 217 R1a1-M198 samples from seven different population groups at M458, as well as the Z280 and Z93 SNPs recently identified from the “1000 Genomes Project”.

The two additional binary markers present an effective tool because now more than 98% of the samples analyzed assign to one of the three sub-haplogroups. R1a1-M458 and R1a1-Z280 were typical for the Hungarian population groups, whereas R1a1-Z93 was typical for Malaysian Indians and the Hungarian Roma. Inner and Central Asia is an overlap zone for the R1a1-Z280 and R1a1-Z93 lineages. This pattern implies that an early differentiation zone of R1a1-M198 conceivably occurred somewhere within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region as they lie between South Asia and Eastern Europe. The detection of the Z93 paternal genetic imprint in the Hungarian Roma gene pool is consistent with South Asian ancestry and amends the view that H1a-M82 is their only discernible paternal lineage of Indian heritage.


Not having access to the paper right now, I can't say much more but I believe that the abstract alone is very informative already.

 

Eupedia.com

Distribution of European Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups by region in percentage

Last update : February 2010 (Armenians, Azeris, Basques, Bashkirs, Bosnians, Cantabrians, Cypriots, Galicians, Kurds, Macedonians)

Human Y-chromosome DNA can be divided in genealogical groups sharing a common ancestor. These are called haplogroups . To know what ancient ethnic group is associated with each haplogroup, please check European Haplogroups : origins, geographic spread and relation to ethnic groups .

Note that figures are only indicative. Several sources were used and averages recalculated by merging the data available. Being approximations, numbers were rounded up to 0.5%. Frequencies inferior to 0.25% are indicated as 0%. A non-exhaustive list of the sources used for this page can be found here.

Note: the number in each ROW indicates a percentage of the population, relative to each haplogroup.

 

Notes

Turkey is the only country that includes a sizeable percentage of Asian and African haplogroups not listed in this table (A, ExE1b1b, C, H, L, O, R2) representing 8.5% of the total. Haplogroup L alone makes up 4% of the Turkish population.

The division of Italy is as follows: North Italy is everything until Liguria and Emilia-Romagna; Central Italy comprises Tuscany, Marche, Umbria, Latium and Abruzzo. South Italy is everything else to the south, except Sardinia and Sicily, which have been made into separate categories due to their specific history and relative geographic isolation. Sources for the Italian regional breakdown .

Our division of Germany was made this way : North Germany includes the Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony (+ Hamburg and Bremen) and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. West Germany is the Rhineland, Hesse and Saarland. South Germany is Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. East Germany is composed of Brandenburg, Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia.

The sample size for each country or region is at least of 100. Italy, Germany, England and Ireland have over 2000 samples each, France and Spain over 1000, Portugal over 900, Belgium over 750, the Netherlands, Finland and Hungary over 650, Greece and Turkey over 500.

Surrounding regions

 

 

Additional information

The percentages of haplogroups H1, H3 and U5 is given in addition to the total for H and U. This is useful to assess the proportion of Paleolithic European (Cro-Magnon) lineages, as opposed to later arrivals.

The "Other" category includes mostly the older haplogroups N, R, pre-HV and HV, but also occasionally a few African (L) or Asian haplogroups (A, B, C, D, M, Z).

The largest sample sizes in this data base are Germany (n = 2610), England (n = 1577), Scotland (n = 1413), Ireland (n = 1397), France (n = 878), Italy (n = 808), Norway (n = 703), Finland (n = 580), and Iceland (n = 511). Each country has at least 100 samples.

 

 

Much of the text below serves only as Humor

 

 

The origins of R1 remain unclear. On the one hand there is a significant presence as far south as Central Africa, for example Cameroon. Although this is generally seen as a result of back migration from Eurasia, it has been seen, especially in conjunction with high levels of R1* in Jordan, as indicative of the likelihood that R1 had origins in the Middle East. Looking at R1's relatives more generally, haplogroup R is part of the family of haplogroup P, and a sibling clade, therefore, of haplogroup Q, which is common in the Americas, and in Eurasia is associated with eastern areas such as Siberia. Such information has been used to suggest an origin for R1 to the east of the Middle East. For example, Kivisild et al. (2003) believes the evidence "suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup".[3] Referencing Kivisild et al., Soares et al. (2010) felt in their review of the literature, that the case for South Asian origins is strongest, with Central Asia argued by Wells et al. (2001) being also worthy of consideration.

Haplogroup R1 is fairly common throughout Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. It also occurs in Africa, Near East and Native americans from North America. Low frequencies in Siberia, Malay Archipelago and Indigenous Australians.
Eurasia

R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the last glacial maximum. Its main subgroups are R1a (M420) and R1b (M343). One subclade of haplogroup R1b (especially R1b1a2, R-M269), is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan, while another R1a (especially R1a1a, R-M17 or R-M98) is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Western China, and South Siberia.

Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines Haplogroup R) but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines Haplogroup R1 nor the M479 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorised as belonging to group R*. Haplogroup R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan.
Americas

In Indigenous Americans groups, R1 is the most common haplogroup after Q, especially in North America in Ojibwe people at 79%, Chipewyan 62%, Seminole 50%, Cherokee 47%, Dogrib 40% and Papago 38%.

Africa

One isolated clade (or clades) of Y chromosomes that appear to belong to Haplogroup R1b1* (P25-derived) is found at high frequency among the native populations of northern Cameroon, such as the Kirdi, in west-central Africa, which is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration of an ancient proto-Eurasian population into Africa.

 

R1a

 

 

R1a and R1a1a are believed to have originated somewhere within Eurasia, most likely in the area from Eastern Europe to South Asia. Several recent studies have proposed that South Asia is the most likely region of origin. But on the other hand, as will be discussed below, some researchers continue to treat modern Indian R1a as being largely due to immigration from the Central Eurasian steppes or Southwestern Asia.

R1a has been found in high frequency at both the eastern and western ends of its core range, for example in India and Tajikistan on the one hand, and Poland on the other. Throughout all of these regions, R1a is dominated by the R1a1a (R-M17 or R-M198) sub-clade.

In South Asia R1a1a has often been observed with high frequency in a number of demographic groups. The main two subclades of R1a1a are R1a1a* and R1a1a7. R1a1a7 is positive for M458 an SNP that separate it from the rest of R1a1a. It is significant because M458 is a European marker and the epicenter is Poland. M458 marker is rare in India.

In India, high percentage of this haplogroup is observed in West Bengal Brahmins (72%) to the east, Konkanastha Brahmins (48%) to the west, Khatris (67%) in north and Iyenger Brahmins (31%) of south. It has also been found in several South Indian Dravidian-speaking Adivasis including the Chenchu (26%) and the Valmikis of Andhra Pradesh and the Kallar of Tamil Nadu suggesting that M17 is widespread in Tribal Southern Indians.

Besides these, studies show high percentages in regionally diverse groups such as Manipuris (50%) to the extreme North East and in Punjab (47%) to the extreme North West.

In Pakistan it is found at 71% among the Mohanna tribe in Sindh province to the south and 46% among the Baltis of Gilgit-Baltistan to the north. While 13% of Sinhalese of Sri Lanka were found to be R1a1a (R-M17) positive.

Hindus of Terai region of Nepal show it at 69%.

In Afghanistan, R1a1a (R-M17) is found at 51.02% among the Pashtuns (the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan) and 30.36% among the Tajiks, but it is less frequent among the Hazaras (6.67%) and the Turkic-speaking Uzbeks (17.65%).

 

Europe

R1a1 among others European haplogrupes

In Europe, R1a, again almost entirely in the R1a1a sub-clade, is found at highest levels among peoples of Eastern European descent (Sorbs, Poles, Russians and Ukrainians; 50 to 65%). In the Baltic countries R1a frequencies decrease from Lithuania (45%) to Estonia (around 30%). Levels in Hungarians have been noted between 20 and 60%.

There is a significant presence in peoples of Scandinavian descent, with highest levels in Norway and Iceland, where between 20 and 30% of men are in R1a1a. Vikings and Normans may have also carried the R1a1a lineage westward; accounting for at least part of the small presence in the British Isles. In East Germany, where Haplogroup R1a reaches a peak frequency in Rostock at a percentage of 31.3%, it averages between 20%-30%.

Haplogroup R1a1a was found at elevated levels amongst a sample of the Israeli population who self-designated themselves as Ashkenazi Jews, possibly reflecting gene flow into Ashkenazi populations from surrounding Eastern European populations, over a course of centuries. This haplogroup finding was apparently consistent with the latest SNP microarray analysis which argued that up to 55 percent of the modern Ashkenazi genome is specifically traceable to Europe. Ashkenazim were found to have a significantly higher frequency of the R-M17 haplogroup Behar reported R-M17 to be the dominant haplogroup in Ashkenazi Levites (52%), although rare in Ashkenazi Cohanim (1.3%) and Israelites (4%).

In Southern Europe R1a1a is not common amongst the general population, but it is widespread in certain areas. Significant levels have been found in pockets, such as in the Pas Valley in Northern Spain, areas of Venice, and Calabria in Italy. The Balkans shows lower frequencies, and significant variation between areas, for example >30% in Slovenia, Croatia and Greek Macedonia, but <10% in Albania, Kosovo and parts of Greece.

The remains of a father and his two sons, from an archaeological site discovered in 2005 near Eulau (in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) and dated to about 2600 BCE, tested positive for the Y-SNP marker SRY10831.2. The R1a1 clade was thus present in Europe at least 4600 years ago, in association with one site of the widespread Corded Ware culture.

Central and Northern Asia

R1a1a frequencies are patchy in Central Asia. This variation is possibly a consequence of population bottlenecks in isolated areas and the movements of Scythians in ancient times and later the Turco-Mongols.

High frequencies of R1a1a (R-M17 or R-M198; 50 to 70%) are found among the Ishkashimis, Khujand Tajiks, Panjakent Tajiks, Turkic-speaking Kyrgyzs, and in several peoples of Russia's Altai Republic, but frequencies are relatively lower (16 to 25%) among the Dushanbe Tajiks, Samarkand Tajiks, Yaghnobis and Shughnis.

Although levels are comparatively low amongst some Turkic-speaking groups (e.g. Turks, Azeris, Kazakhs, Yakuts), levels are high (19 to 28%) in certain Turkic or Mongolic-speaking groups of Northwestern China, such as the Bonan, Dongxiang, Salar, and Uyghurs.

In Eastern Siberia, R1a1a is found among certain indigenous ethnic groups including Kamchatkans and Chukotkans, and peaking in Itel'man at 22%.
Middle East and Caucasus

R1a1a has been found in various forms, in most parts of Western Asia, in widely varying concentrations, from almost no presence in areas such as Jordan, to much higher levels in parts of Kuwait, Turkey and Iran.

The Shimar (Shammar) Bedouin tribe in Kuwait show the highest frequency in the Middle East at 43%.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wells et al. (2001), noted that in the western part of the country, Iranians show low R1a1a levels, while males of eastern parts of Iran carried up to 35% R1a. Nasidze et al. (2004) found R1a in approximately 20% of Iranian males from the cities of Tehran and Isfahan. Regueiro et al. (2006), in a study of Iran, noted much higher frequencies in the south than the north.

Turkey also shows high but unevenly distributed R1a levels amongst some sub-populations. For example Nasidze et al. (2005) found relatively high levels amongst two Kurdish groups of Turkey, the Kurmanji (13%) and Zazaki (26%).

Further to the north of these Middle Eastern regions on the other hand, R1a levels start to increase in the Caucasus, once again in an uneven way. Several populations studied have shown no sign of R1a, while highest levels so far discovered in the region appears to belong to speakers of the Karachay-Balkar language amongst whom about one quarter of men tested so far are in haplogroup R1a1a.

 

 

R1b

R1b study

Possible place of origin Southwest Asia 
Ancestor R1
Descendants R1b1a (R-P297), R1b1b (R-M335), R1b1c (R-V88)
Defining mutations 1. M343 defines R1b in the broadest sense
P25 defines R1b1, making up most of R1b, and is often used to test for R1b
In some cases, major downstream mutations such as M269 are used to identify R1b, especially in regional or out-of-date studies
Highest frequencies Western Europe, Northern Cameroon, Hazara, Bashkirs

 

 

 

 

 

In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe, parts of central Eurasia (for example Bashkortostan), and in parts of sub-Saharan Central Africa (for example around Chad and Cameroon). R1b is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia and North Africa. Due to European emigration it also reaches high frequencies in the Americas and Australia. While Western Europe is dominated by the R1b1a2 (R-M269) branch of R1b, the Chadic-speaking area in Africa is dominated by the branch known as R1b1c (R-V88). These represent two very successful "twigs" on a much bigger "family tree."

 

 

R1b1c is found in northern Cameroon in west central Africa at a very high frequency, where it is considered to be caused by a pre-Islamic movement of people from Eurasia.

Suggestive results from other studies which did not test for the full range of new markers discovered by Cruciani et al. have also been reported, which might be in R-V88.

Wood et al. reported high frequencies of men who were P25 positive and M269 negative, amongst the same north Cameroon area where Cruciani et al. reported high R-V88 levels. However they also found such cases amongst 3% (1/32) of Fante from Ghana, 9% (1/11) of Bassa from southern Cameroon, 4% (1/24) of Herero from Namibia, 5% (1/22) of Ambo from Namibia, 4% (4/92) of Egyptians, and 4% (1/28) of Tunisians.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Luis et al. found the following cases of men M173 positive (R1), but negative for M73 (R1b1b1), M269 (R1b1b2), M18 (R1b1a1, a clade with V88, M18 having been discovered before V88) and M17 (R1a1a): 1 of 121 Omanis, 3 of 147 Egyptians, 2 of 14 Bantu from southern Cameroon, and 1 of 69 Hutu from Rwanda.
Pereira et al. (2010) in a study of several Saharan Tuareg populations, found one third of 31 men tested from near Tanut in Niger to be in R1b.

R1b1c1 (R-M18)

R1b1c1 is a sub-clade of R-V88 which is defined by the presence of SNP marker M18. It has been found only at low frequencies in samples from Sardinia and Lebanon.

Historical note

The DNA tests that assisted in the identification of Czar Nicholas II of Russia found that he had haplogroup R1b.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Haplogroup "R" (new)

 

Haplogroup K-M526 (Y-DNA).

K(xLT) is the ancestral haplogroup to haplogroups K1, K2, K3, K4, M, NO, P (which contains haplogroups Q and R), and S (formerly MNOPS). Possible time of origin 35,000-45,000 years BP in South or Central Asia.

Haplogroup P-M45 (Y-DNA) is the parent of haplogroups (P*, Q, R). It is believed to have arisen 27,000-41,000 years BP in Central Asia - South Asia.

This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most Europeans and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. It also contains approximately one third to two thirds of the males among various populations of Central Asia and Southern Asia.

Haplogroup R-M207 (Y-DNA)
In human population genetics, haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa.

haplogroup R-M207 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It marks a major split in paleolithic lineages some descendant lines are common throughout Europe, Central Asia and South Asia, and also common in parts of the West Asia and Africa. Others are primarily from West Asia and South Asia. This line is a descendant of haplogroup P-M45.
This haplogroup is believed to have arisen around 20,000-34,000 years ago,(Karafet 2008) somewhere in Central Asia or South Asia, where its ancestor Haplogroup P-M45 is most often found at polymorphic frequencies.(Wells 2001)

The two currently defined subclades are R-M173 and R-M479. Haplogroup R-M173 is estimated to have arisen during the height of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), about 18,500 years ago, most likely in southwestern Asia.

Y-haplogroup R-M207 is found throughout all continents, but is fairly common throughout Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. Small frequencies are found in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Indigenous Australians.(Kayser 2003) It also occurs in Caucasus, Near East, West China, Siberia and some parts of Africa. It has a high frequency in the Native Americans due primarily to the introduction of Eurasian lineages in the last 500 years.

 

Haplogroup R-M173 (Y-DNA)


In human genetics, Haplogroup R-M173 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup R, associated with the M173 mutation. It is dominated in modern populations by two Eurasian clades, R-M240 and R-M343, which together are found all over Eurasia except in Southeast Asia and East Asia. However, other types of R-M173, less well-known and undefined so far by any identified SNP, and therefore referred to collectively simply as R-M173*, have been reported in the Americas, all over Asia and Oceania.

In the Americas, it is not a pre-Colombian founding lineage. However, it is the second most common haplogroup in Indigenous peoples of the Americas following haplogroup Q-M242, and spreads specially in Algonquian peoples from United States and Canada.

The origins of R-M173 remain unclear. Haplogroup R-M207 is part of the family of haplogroup P-M45, and a sibling clade, therefore, of haplogroup Q-M242, which is common in the Americas and Eurasia. In Eurasia, Q-M242's geography includes eastern areas such as Siberia. Based on these ancestral lineages, an inferred origin for R-M173 to the east of the West Asia. For example, Kivisild 2003 believes the evidence "suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup." and "Given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that southern and western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation." Soares 2010 felt in their review of the literature, that the case for South Asian origins is strongest, with the Central Asian origin argued by (Wells 2001) being also worthy of consideration.

Haplogroup R-M173 is fairly common throughout Europe, South Asia and Central Asia. It also occurs in Africa, Near East and Native Americans from North America. Low frequencies in Siberia, Malay Archipelago and Indigenous Australians.

In Indigenous Americans groups, R-M173 is the most common haplogroup after the various Q-M242, especially in North America in Ojibwe people at 79%, Chipewyan 62%, Seminole 50%, Cherokee 47%, Dogrib 40% and Papago 38%. The decreasing gradient of haplogroup R-M207 from Northeastern to Southwestern North America is evidence that this results from European admixture.